Summary
The first volume of the report covers the state of implementation of primary and secondary measures for SO2- and NOx control applied in the most important industrial sectors in Germany.
Integrated pollution abatement techniques, called primary measures in this report, such as process integrated measures and low emission processes, have gained increased importance in recent years. In addition, they often show other advantages as for example lower energy consumption and lower waste generation.
The end-of-pipe processes, described here as secondary measures, are generally highly effective. They represent mature technologies, which are capable of achieving significant reductions in SO2- and NOx emissions, and which have been used in particular for retrofitting existing plants.
At first, an overview is given regarding the development of SO2- and NOx emissions in selected European countries during the last 20 years and in Europe. Current national and European emission limits and emission guidelines on SO2- and NOx emissions from stationary sources are discussed as well.
The state of implementation of measures for the reduction of SO2- and NOx emissions is analysed for each relevant industrial sector and primary emission reduction options are described. Special units designed for direct contact of flame and process materials are dealt with in the different sector descriptions, while external combustion processes providing process heat and power are dealt with in a separate chapter.
In the final section an overview of secondary emission reduction measures covering SO2 and NOx control technology is given. For the various sectors, examples of investments and costs for installed emission reduction measures are given, which have to be considered as highly case specific.
In addition, the suppliers of the various control technologies have given specific aspects related to specific process layout of their systems as well as references.
The second volume of the presented report covers the state of implementation of primary and secondary measures applied in the most important industrial sectors in Germany.
Integrated pollution abatement techniques, called primary measures in this report, such as process integrated measures and low emission processes, have gained increased importance in recent years. In addition, they show other advantages as for example lower energy consumption or lower waste generation.
The end-of-pipe processes, described here as secondary measures, are generally highly effective. They represent mature technologies, which are capable of achieving significant reductions in heavy metal emissions, and which have been used in particular for retrofitting existing plants.
At first, an overview is given regarding the emission levels of heavy metals in Europe as well as national and European emission limits and emission guidelines on particulate and heavy metal emissions from stationary sources. This includes a discussion of the heavy metal emission situation of selected European countries in 1990 as well as an outlook on future emissions. The state of implementation of measures for the reduction of heavy metal emissions is described for each relevant industrial sector, excluding combustion processes and fugitive emissions, which occur across sectors, and which are thus dealt with in separate chapters.
In the final section an overview of secondary emission reduction measures covering dust and heavy metal control technology is given. For the various sectors, examples of investments and costs for installed secondary emission reduction measures are given, which have to be considered as highly case specific.
In addition, the suppliers of the various control technologies have given specific aspects related to the specific process layout of their systems as well as references.
